Cobalt nicyuma gikoreshwa muri bateri nyinshi zamashanyarazi.Amakuru nuko Tesla azakoresha bateri "idafite cobalt", ariko "umutungo" ni ubuhe bwoko bwa cobalt?Nzavuga muri make mubumenyi bwibanze ushaka kumenya.
Izina ryayo ni Amakimbirane Amabuye akomoka kuri Dayimoni
Waba uzi ikintu cobalt?Ntabwo bikubiye muri bateri yimodoka zamashanyarazi (EV) na terefone zigendanwa gusa, ahubwo ikoreshwa no mubushuhe bwokwirinda ubushyuhe bwa cobalt nka moteri yindege hamwe na bits ya drill, magnesi kubavuga, kandi, igitangaje, gutunganya amavuta.Cobalt yitiriwe “Kobold,” igisimba gikunze kugaragara mu bihimbano bya siyansi, kandi byemerwaga mu Burayi bwo mu gihe cyo hagati ko baterera amarozi mu birombe kugira ngo bakore ibyuma bigoye kandi bifite uburozi.nibyo.
Noneho, muri iki kirombe haba harimo n'ibisimba, cobalt ni uburozi kandi irashobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima nka pneumoconiose niba utambaye ibikoresho bikingira umuntu.Nubwo Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo itanga kimwe cya kabiri cya cobalt ku isi, ikirombe gito (ikirombe cya Artisanal) aho abakene badafite akazi barimo gucukura umwobo bafite ibikoresho byoroshye nta mahugurwa y’umutekano.), Impanuka zo gusenyuka zibaho kenshi, abana bahatirwa gukora igihe kinini nu mushahara muto ungana na 200 yen kumunsi, ndetse na Amatsu ni isoko yinkunga yimitwe yitwaje intwaro, bityo cobalt iri kumwe na zahabu, tungsten, amabati, tantalum., Yaje kwitwa amabuye y'agaciro.
Icyakora, hamwe no gukwirakwiza za batiri za EV na lithium-ion, mu myaka yashize amasosiyete yo ku isi yatangiye gukora iperereza niba kobalt ikorwa n’inzira zidakwiye, harimo n’isoko ryo gutanga oxyde ya cobalt na hydroxide ya cobalt.
Kurugero, ibihangange bya batiri CATL na LG Chem bitabiriye Ubushinwa buyobowe na "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)", cyane cyane bigamije kurandura imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana.
Mu mwaka wa 2018, ishyirahamwe ryitwa Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), umuryango w’ubucuruzi w’ubucuruzi bwa cobalt, ryashinzwe mu rwego rwo guteza imbere gukorera mu mucyo n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro ya cobalt.Abitabiriye amahugurwa barimo Tesla, ikoresha bateri ya lithium-ion, Ubudage bwa EV bwatangije Sono Motors, igihangange mu mutungo w’Ubusuwisi Glencore, na Huayu Cobalt w’Ubushinwa.
Urebye mu Buyapani, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., itanga ibikoresho byiza bya electrode ya bateri ya lithium-ion kuri Panasonic, yashyizeho “Politiki yo gutanga amasoko ashinzwe ibikoresho bya Cobalt Raw” muri Kanama 2020 itangira umwete no kubikurikirana.hepfo.
Mu bihe biri imbere, kubera ko amasosiyete akomeye azatangiza imishinga icukurwa neza nyuma y’abakozi, abakozi bagomba guhura n'ingaruka bakinjira mu birombe bito, kandi ibyifuzo bizagenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro.
Biragaragara ko kubura cobalt
Kugeza ubu, umubare wa EV uracyari muto, hamwe hamwe miliyoni 7 gusa, harimo miliyoni 2.1 zagurishijwe ku isi hose mu 2019. Ku rundi ruhande, imodoka zose za moteri ku isi bivugwa ko ari miliyari 1 cyangwa miliyari 1,3, kandi niba imodoka ya lisansi ikuweho igasimbuzwa na EV mu gihe kizaza, hazakenerwa umubare munini wa cobalt cobalt oxyde na hydroxide ya cobalt.
Umubare wa cobalt yose yakoreshejwe muri bateri ya EV muri 2019 yari toni 19.000, bivuze ko impuzandengo ya kg 9 ya cobalt yari ikenewe kuri buri kinyabiziga.Gukora miliyari 1 za EV hamwe na kg 9 buri kimwe bisaba toni miliyoni 9 za cobalt, ariko isi yose ibitse ni toni miliyoni 7.1 gusa, kandi nkuko byavuzwe mu ntangiriro, toni 100.000 mu zindi nganda buri mwaka.Kubera ko ari icyuma gikoreshwa cyane, kiragaragara ko cyagabanutse uko kiri.
Biteganijwe ko igurishwa rya EV riziyongera inshuro icumi mu 2025, buri mwaka hakenerwa toni 250.000, harimo na bateri zo mu modoka, amavuta adasanzwe hamwe n’ibindi bikoreshwa.Nubwo EV isabwa kuringaniza, yabura ibigega byose bizwi mugihe cyimyaka 30.
Kuruhande rwibi, abategura bateri bakora cyane amanywa nijoro kuburyo bagabanya urugero rwa cobalt.Kurugero, bateri ya NMC ikoresha nikel, manganese, na cobalt irimo kunozwa na NMC111 (nikel, manganese, na cobalt ni 1: 1. Umubare wa cobalt wagabanutse kuva kuri 1: 1) ugera kuri NMC532 na NMC811, na NMC9. 5.5 (igipimo cya cobalt ni 0.5) kuri ubu kirimo gutezwa imbere.
NCA (nikel, cobalt, aluminium) yakoreshejwe na Tesla ifite cobalt yagabanutse kugera kuri 3%, ariko Model 3 ikorerwa mu Bushinwa ikoresha batiri ya lithium idafite fosifate (LFP).Hariho kandi amanota yemejwe.Nubwo LFP iri munsi ya NCA mubijyanye nimikorere, ifite ibiranga ibikoresho bihendutse, itangwa rihamye, nubuzima burebure.
Kandi kuri "Bateri ya Tesla" iteganijwe guhera saa kumi n'ebyiri n'igice za mugitondo ku ya 23 Nzeri 2020 mu gihe cy'Ubushinwa, hazatangazwa bateri nshya itagira cobalt, kandi izatangira kubyara umusaruro hamwe na Panasonic mu myaka mike.Biteganijwe.
Nkuko byavuzwe, mubuyapani, "ibyuma bidasanzwe" n "isi idasanzwe" bikunze kwitiranya.Ibyuma bidakunze gukoreshwa mu nganda kuko "kubona isoko ihamye ni ngombwa mu bijyanye na politiki mu byuma bifite ubwinshi ku isi bidasanzwe cyangwa bigoye kuvanamo kubera impamvu za tekiniki n'ubukungu (Minisiteri y'Ubukungu, Ubucuruzi n'Inganda)".Nicyuma kitari ferrous gikunze gukoreshwa, kandi ni ijambo rusange kubwoko 31 harimo lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nikel, platine, nubutaka budasanzwe.Muri ibyo, isi idasanzwe yitwa isi idasanzwe, kandi amoko 17 nka neodymium na dysprosium akoreshwa kuri magnesi zihoraho arasobanuwe.
Inyuma yo kubura ibikoresho bya cobalt, urupapuro rwa cobalt & ifu, hamwe nimbuto za cobalt nka cbaltous chloride ndetse na chloride ya hexaamminecobalt (III) ni bike.
Kuruhuka gushinzwe kuva cobalt
Mugihe imikorere isabwa kuri EV yiyongera, biteganijwe ko bateri zidasaba cobalt, nka bateri zose zikomeye-na batiri ya lithium-sulfure, bizahinduka mugihe kizaza, kubwamahirwe rero ntidutekereza ko umutungo uzashira. .Ariko, bivuze ko icyifuzo cya cobalt kizasenyuka ahantu runaka.
Ihinduka rizaza mu myaka 5 kugeza ku 10 hakiri kare, kandi amasosiyete akomeye acukura amabuye y'agaciro ntashaka gushora imari mu gihe kirekire muri cobalt.Ariko, kubera ko tubona imperuka, turashaka ko abacukuzi baho bava mukarere keza kuruta mbere ya cobalt bubble.
Kandi bateri z’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi kuri ubu ku isoko nazo zigomba kubyazwa umusaruro nyuma yo kurangiza imirimo yazo nyuma yimyaka 10 kugeza kuri 20, ariyo Redwood yashinzwe na Sumitomo Metals hamwe nuwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w’ikoranabuhanga JB Strobel.-Ibikoresho nibindi bimaze gushyiraho tekinoroji yo kugarura cobalt kandi izongera kuyikoresha hamwe nibindi bikoresho.
Nubwo icyifuzo cyibikoresho bimwe byiyongera byigihe gito mugikorwa cyubwihindurize bwibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, tuzahura nuburambe hamwe nuburenganzira bwa muntu bwabakozi nka cobalt, kandi ntituzagura uburakari bwa Kobolts yihishe mubuvumo.Ndashaka gusoza iyi nkuru nizeye kuzaba societe.